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030111 Seeing-As: Perception and Imagination from Kant to Artificial Intelligence (Vernazzani)
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Consider the visual experience of seeing Jastrow’s figure either as a duck or as a rabbit. As Wittgenstein famously remarked, nothing has changed in the picture, and yet everything seems to have changed when you stop seeing it as a duck, and see it as a rabbit instead. Seeing-as episodes stretch far beyond bistable pictures and include also episodes of face and expression perception, object recognition, sign perception, and so on. According to P.F. Strawson’s influential Kantian account, imagination and concepts are involved in shaping our seeing-as experiences. In this seminar, we will explore the imagination’s and visual imagery’s contribution to visual perceptual experience. We will begin with some classical texts, starting from Aristotle’s on phantasia, Hume, Kant’s doctrine of schematism, Wittgenstein, and Strawson, and then review some contemporary philosophical and scientific accounts, including recent work in Artificial Intelligence. | | | Reading suggestion: P.F. Strawson (1974) “Imagination and Perception” in his Freedom and Resentment and Other Essays (pp. 50-72). New York: Routledge.

030046 Philosophy as a way of life (Steinkrüger)
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Ever since the inception of philosophy, philosophers have been concerned with the nature of philosophy itself. Closely related to this is another metaphilosophical question: What is philosophy good for? One answer to these questions, which ancient philosophers first proposed, is that philosophy is a way of life. In the seminar, we will study this conception of philosophy as articulated by various authors across different epochs in the history of philosophy.

030094 History and Philosophy of Science, I (Baedke)
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History and philosophy of science reflects on the historical and theoretical foundations, methods and aims of science. This includes further subjects like patterns of the historical development and the social structure of science. By tracing major scientific developments from the early modern period to the late 20th century, focusing especially on the exact and life sciences, this two-part module (see below) gives an overview over the present status of history and philosophy of science. It deals with problems of methods and scientific practices (like experimentation), certain key concepts (such as “explanation” and “understanding”), and it examines questions that focus on the significance of the historicity of scientific knowledge and the role of values in science or freedom of science. The course is an open-format lecture (with seminar-like discussion elements) designed for the MA-program “History & Philosophy of Science and Logic” (HPS+Logic). It is also open to other interested advanced B.A. and M.A. students of philosophy and students from the natural sciences and other subjects (with basic knowledge in theoretical philosophy). The lecture is accompanied by the course “History and Philosophy of Science, II” that serves to deepen and to complement the topics of the lecture. Participation in both parts of the module is highly recommended. For students of HPS+Logic it is a requirement in order to complete the “Basic Module 1”. The language of the lecture will be English. You will be informed about modalities concerning credits in the first session.

030110 Philosophical Methods: An Introduction (Horvath)
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In this introductory seminar, we will discuss both general questions about methods, such as “What are methods in the first place?” and “How should methods be evaluated?”, and specific questions about philosophical methods, like “Are there any philosophical methods at all?”, “Are there uniquely or distinctively philosophical methods?”, “What are the main philosophical methods?”. In this context, we will also consider some philosophical methods in more detail, for example, argumentation, conceptual analysis, experimental philosophy, formal methods, and thought experiments. The course will be based on a manuscript version of the introductory volume Methods in Analytic Philosophy: A Primer and Guide (edited by Joachim Horvath, Steffen Koch, and Michael G. Titelbaum), which is forthcoming as an open access book with the PhilPapers Foundation. There will be some flexibility for the participants of the seminar to decide which philosophical methods they want to focus on, and for these selected methods we will also discuss a few further readings. Apart from the ability to read philosophical texts in English, some prior experience with actually doing philosophy would be very helpful for a seminar that aims to reflect on methods as a key aspect of philosophical practice.

000000 Philosophical Issues in Artificial Intelligence (Boge)
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Emil-Figge-Straße 50, Raum 2.405 Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an integral part of our everyday lives. But what is AI and how does it work? What are the core epistemological and ethical challenges associated with its use in diverse branches of society? Under what conditions can we call a machine ‘intelligent’, and what, if anything, does it understand about the world? Literatur: For a first glimpse at some relevant topics, you may consult:https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/artificial-intelligence/

030007 Main Topics in Metaphysics (Rami)
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030078 Animals Minds: Reasonings and Social Understanding (Newen, Sreckovic)
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Modern philosophy of mind aims at understanding the mental abilities not only of human beings but also of nonhuman animals. A comparative perspective contrasting the cognitive abilities of both is very helpful to enrich our understanding of intelligent minds. Central question of our seminar will be: How do animals solve particular tasks? Do they have mental maps, metacognition, or number concepts? How do animals solve problems: do they engage in logical reasoning, causal reasoning, future planning? How social are animals and what is the role of their feelings for their cognition: are they able to develop a certain understanding of the others as mental agents and to interact e.g. as empathic agents? We want to take up these questions and discuss central articles developing recent observations and arguments to characterize animals behavior. This will allow us to develop a new perspective on animal minds and also our to human minds. The evolutionary perspective also relativizes some of our human cognitive abilities: Here a background claim is that all mental abilities of humans have essential roots in the animal kingdom. Methodologically, we will make use of the paradigm of ‘Situated Cognition’ according to which we need to account for the ecological environment and challenges of a species (the ecological niche) to adequately evaluate the cognitive abilities underlying a behavior.

030097 The Evolution of Morality (Starzak)
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Moral thinking pervades our practical lives, but where does it come from? Is there an innate basis to human morality or is it a cultural phenomenon? Can we give a plausible evolutionary account of our sense of morality? What purpose does this sense of morality serve? What does that mean for the normative status of our moral judgments? Can an evolutionary perspective help to answer to moral skepticism? Or does an adaptive explanation of morality in terms of genetic success (“if it is just something that helped our ancestors make more babies”, as Joyce writes) rather undermine morality´s central role in our life? In this seminar we´ll discuss these question on the basis of Richard Joyce´s 2005 book The evolution of morality. The language of the seminar is English.

030003 History and Philosophy of Science, I (Baedke)
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History and philosophy of science reflects on the historical and theoretical foundations, methods and aims of science. This includes further subjects like patterns of the historical development and the social structure of science. By tracing major scientific developments from the early modern period to the late 20th century, focusing especially on the exact and life sciences, t his two-part module (see below) gives an overview over the present status of history and philosophy of science. It deals with problems of methods and scientific practices (like experimentation), certain key concepts (such as "explanation" and "understanding"), and it examines questions that focus on the significance of the historicity of scientific knowledge and the role of values in science or freedom of science. The course is an open-format lecture (with seminar-like discussion elements) designed for the MA-program "History & Philosophy of Science and Logic" (HPS+Logic). It is also open to other interested advanced B.A. and M.A. students of philosophy and students from the natural sciences and other subjects ( with basic knowledge in theoretical philosophy). The lecture is accompanied by the course "History and Philosophy of Science, II" that serves to deepen and to complement the topics of the lecture. Participation in both parts of the module is highly recommended. For students of HPS+Logic it is a requirement in order to complete the "Basic Module 1". The language of the lecture will be English. You will be informed about modalities concerning credits in the first session.

030106 Frege: Foundations of Arithmetic, Logicism and Neo-Logicism (Kürbis)
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Frege's 'Foundations of Arithmetic' was the first book exclusively devoted to the philosophy of mathematics. It remains one of, perhaps the, most influential books on the topic. And it is not an overstatement to say that it is still the best. Few books can serve as an introduction as well as a source of inspiration for new research. Frege begins his book by asking what numbers are. Discussing, and mostly rejecting, various views earlier writers had put forward, he finally comes to his own solution, with some help from Hume and Leibniz: numbers are objects and the laws of arithmetic are nothing but laws of logic. This position was later called logicism, a version of which was also espoused by Russell. In this seminar, we will read the entire book from cover to cover, accompanied by Michael Dummett's commentary. Time permitting, we'll look at the more recent developments of Hale's and Wright's neologicism.

030053 The Value of Philosophy (Steinkrüger)
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Since the beginnings of philosophy, its value has been called into question by non-philosophers - and occasionally by philosophers, too. This has triggered responses by philosophers aiming at establishing the value of their discipline. In this seminar we will look at a number of such attempts throughout the history of philosophy with an eye to studying their virtues and their limitations.

030113 Philosophical Methods: An Introduction (Horvath)
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In this introductory seminar, we will discuss both general questions about methods, such as “What are methods in the first place?” or “How should methods be evaluated?”, and specific questions about philosophical methods, like “Are there any philosophical methods at all?”, “Are there uniquely or distinctively philosophical methods?”, or “What are the main philosophical methods?”. In light of this general background, we will also consider some philosophical methods in more detail, such as argumentation, conceptual analysis, experimental philosophy, formal methods, or thought experiments. The course will be based on a manuscript version of the introductory volume Methods in Analytic Philosophy: A Primer and Guide (edited by Joachim Horvath, Steffen Koch, and Michael G. Titelbaum), which is forthcoming as an open access book with the PhilPapers Foundation. There will be a lot of flexibility for the participants of the seminar to decide which philosophical methods they want to focus on, including decisions about selected further readings on these methods. Apart from the ability to read philosophical texts in English, some prior experience with doing philosophy would be helpful for a seminar that has the aim of reflecting on methods as a key aspect of philosophical practice.

030112 Philosophical Methods: An Introduction (Horvath)
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In this seminar, we will discuss both general questions about methods, such as "What are methods in the first place?" and "How should methods be evaluated?", and specific questions about philosophical methods, like "Are there any philosophical methods at all?", "Are there uniquely or distinctively philosophical methods?", "What are the main philosophical methods?". In this context, we will also consider some philosophical methods in more detail, for example, argumentation, conceptual analysis, experimental philosophy, formal methods, and thought experiments. The course will be based on a manuscript version of the introductory volume Methods in Analytic Philosophy: A Primer and Guide (edited by Joachim Horvath, Steffen Koch, and Michael G. Titelbaum), which is forthcoming as an open access book with the PhilPapers Foundation. There will be some flexibility for the participants of the seminar to decide which philosophical methods they want to focus on, and for these selected methods we will also discuss further readings. Apart from the ability to read philosophical texts in English, some prior experience with doing philosophy would be helpful for a seminar that reflects on methods as a key aspect of philosophical practice.

030090 Perplexities of Consciousness (Kammerer)
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In this course, we will work through Eric Schwitzgebel’s 2011 book: “Perplexities of Consciousness”. The book draws on work in psychology and philosophy to argue that we know very little about our conscious experience – notably, because our capacity to introspect our own conscious experiences is deficient. Its main thesis is established through focusing on a set of provocative, concrete philosophical and scientific questions about ordinary conscious experience, such as: do we dream in colors, or in black and white? What exactly do we visually experience when we close our eyes? Do we have a permanent tactile conscious experience of our feet in our shoes even when we do not explicitly think about it? Etc. | | | Preliminary reference list: Schwitzgebel, Eric (2011). Perplexities of Consciousness. Bradford.

030006 Situated Cognition (Schlicht)
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Situated Cognition is an umbrella term for a family of views about cognition which breaks in various ways. That is, it rejects the sandwich model of cognition, according to which cognition is “sandwiched” in between perception and action, and it rejects the representational-computational theory of mind. Instead, it conceives of perception, cognition and action as dynamically entangled phenomena and of perception as an embodied activity of the whole organism in a complex physical and social environment. Consequently, brain, body and world must be taken into account in explanations of cognition. Situated cognition is also sometimes equated with 4E cognition, according to which cognition is embodied, embedded, enactive and sometimes extended. We will introduce all of these frameworks and conceptions in detail and add some historical detail. For example, we discuss how the contemporary enactivism with its central notion of autopoiesis has emerged from Kant’s discussion of organisms in the Critique of the power of judgement and Hans Jonas’ philosophy of the organism. | | | Literature: Andy Clark 2014: Mindware. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press.

030106 Imagination & Mental Images (Werning)
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Join us for an engaging and thought-provoking seminar exploring the fascinating realm of imagination and mental images in philosophy. This seminar is specifically designed for philosophy and cognitive science students seeking to understand the nature and significance of imagination and its relation to mental imagery. The seminar will commence by discussing the works of three influential phenomenologists: Husserl, Sartre, and Casey. Through a close examination of their writings, we will explore the role of imagination in shaping our perception of the world and its impact on our lived experiences. We will investigate the intricate connections between imagination, consciousness, and intentionality, unraveling the ways in which mental images contribute to our mental life. Building upon the phenomenological foundations, we will then shift our focus to the analytic tradition. We will delve into the imagery debate and critically examine the arguments surrounding the nature and neuro-cognitive underpinnings of mental images. We will finally turn to examining the nature, semantics and epistemic value of imagining. By the end of this seminar, participants will have gained a comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between imagination and mental images within both phenomenological and analytic philosophies. They will have the tools to critically evaluate and contribute to ongoing debates surrounding the nature of mental imagery and its implications for our understanding of perception, cognition, and the mind. Students will also have the opportunity to link up with our DFG research group “Constructing Scenarios of the Past”. Aside from active participation, participants will be expected to give a presentation in English. Assistance regarding the English language will be provided. Teaching will be assisted by Sofia Pedrini. | | | Literature: Abraham, A. (Hrsg.). (2020). The Cambridge Handbook of the Imagination (1. Aufl.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108580298 Casey, E. S. (2000). Imagining, Second Edition: A Phenomenological Study. Indiana University Press. Dokic, J., & Arcangeli, M. (2015). The Heterogeneity of Experiential ImaginationThe Heterogeneity of Experiential Imagination. Open MIND. https://doi.org/10.15502/9783958570085 Husserl, E., Brough, J. B., & Husserl, E. (2005). Phantasy, image consciousness, and memory, 1898-1925. Springer. Kind, A. (Hrsg.). (2017). The Routledge handbook of philosophy of imagination (First issued in paperback). Routledge. Kosslyn, S. M. (1994). Image and Brain. MIT Press. Langland-Hassan, P. (2020). Explaining imagination (First edition). Oxford university press.

030132 Research Colloquium: Rationality and Cognition (Brössel)
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In this seminar, we study research articles (some of which will be work-in-progress) from the intersection of normative epistemology and descriptive epistemology (i.e., psychology and cognitive science). Among others, we investigate formal models of perception, rational reasoning and rational action. Acquaintance with formal methods in philosophy will be presupposed. Students at the master's or doctoral level will be allowed to present their research in English.

000000 Epistemology of Science (Boge)
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What is the nature of scientific knowledge? Is it ultimately based on pure observation, or is there an active ingredient of the mind to it? What science is striving for? Is it truth, knowledge, or understanding, and what is the relation between the three? How can we confirm scientific theories and what are potential obstacles? Should we believe the claims made by scientific theories because of their predictive success, or must we be satisfied with a more modest picture? In this seminar, we will cross these topics starting with some bits of history and leading right up into contemporary debates. For a proper understanding, it is useful (though not strictly required) to have some knowledge of formal logic. | | | Literature: De Regt, H. W., Leonelli, S., and Eigner, K. (2009). Scientific Understanding. University of Pittsburgh Press Ladyman, J. (2002). Understanding Philosophy of Science. Routledge McCain, K. and Kampourakis, K. (2020). What is Scientific Knowledge? Routledge Salmon, M.H. et al. (1992). Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. Prentice-Hall Schurz, G. (2014). Philosophy of Science: A Unified Approach. Routledge Staley, K. (2014). An introduction to the Philosophy of Science. Cambridge University Press

030089 Imagination, Intuition, and Thought Experiments: A Route to Knowledge? (Werning)
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Join us for an engaging and thought-provoking seminar exploring the fascinating topics of imagination, intuition and thought experiments. This seminar is specifically designed for philosophy and cognitive science students seeking to understand the epistemological significance of imagination and intuition, and their role in thought experiments. The seminar will commence by discussing some contributions in contemporary epistemology of imagination. Do we learn from imagination? What kind of knowledge can we achieve through imagination? Is it justified and how? These are only a few of the central questions we are going to investigate. Building upon these epistemological foundations, we will then shift our focus to the notion of intuition. We will critically examine its problematic nature and delve into a central “epistemological tool”: thought experiment. We will finally examine the roles and interplay of imagination and intuition within some of the most famous (philosophical) thought experiments. By the end of this seminar, participants will have gained a comprehensive understanding of the nature and epistemic powers of imagination and intuition. They will have the tools to critically evaluate and contribute to ongoing debates surrounding the epistemology of imagination, intuition and thought experiments. Students will also have the opportunity to link up with our DFG research group “Constructing Scenarios of the Past”. Aside from active participation, participants will be expected to give a presentation in English. Assistance regarding the English language will be provided. Teaching will be assisted by Sofia Pedrini.

030055 Plato, The Allegory of the Cave (Steinkrüger)
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This seminar is devoted to Plato’s cave allegory. The cave, which occupies a central place in Plato’s Republic (514a–517a), is probably Plato’s most famous allegory and deals with metaphysical, epistemological, and political themes. The seminar is divided into two parts: in the first part (2-3 sessions), we will carefully read the text of the allegory, taking note of any problems or questions that we would like to investigate further. At the end of the first part, we will explore the available research literature on our topics and select the most promising pieces. Finally, we will spend the second part (approximately 10 sessions) reading and discussingur selected research literature. The seminar aims to facilitate close-reading skills, the identification and study of relevant research literature, and, importantly, to provide an opportunity for an in-depth engagement with one of the central texts of the Western philosophical tradition.

030122 Colloquium Philosophy of Information and Communication (Liefke)
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This colloquium (co-organized with Prof. Daniel Gutzmann, Germanistik) serves the discussion of current topics in semantics, pragmatics, and the philosophy of language. The colloquium combines talks by international experts with presentations of local researchers and (PhD/MA) students. Students will be given the opportunity to present their (ongoing) work in English. A detailed schedule will be available by mid-September at https://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/phil-inf/colloquium/index.html.en.

030105 Rationality and weird belief (Starzak)
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Weird beliefs are beliefs that we take to be far-fetched or even absurd. A prime example is conspiratorial thinking, which is widespread these days and which poses a danger to public debate in democracies. On the one hand it is sometimes claimed that belief in conspiracy theories is immune to counter evidence, such that believers in conspiracy theories are not open to any arguments against what they believe. On the other hand, people that have weird beliefs are often judged as being irrational to the effect that we don't take them serious and exclude them from public debates. When we encounter someone who holds beliefs which we take to be weird, we tend to explain this with their lack of rationality, i.e. their epistemic irresponsibility or incapability concerning the way they acquired their beliefs, a lack of sensitivity to counter evidence, or with motivated reasoning. In this seminar we will discuss what weird beliefs are: Is there a common feature to conspiracy theories or do we have to evaluate them individually one by one? In which other contexts do we find weird beliefs? Can we really account for weird belief with a lack of rationality, or can a fully rational person fall prey to weird beliefs as well? If so, how else can we explain weird beliefs? And how can we avoid to believe weird things ourselves?

030092 Animal Consciousness (Kammerer)
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Are non-human animals conscious – and which ones? – apes, dogs, birds, fish, bees, crabs? For those who are conscious, how do they experience the world ? – and how can we know this, since it seems that we cannot ask them directly, and given that competing theories of consciousness abound and give different verdicts about what is required for consciousness? This question is difficult, and yet it seems extremely important, both from a theoretical point of view, and to determine the moral status of animals. In this course, we will approach the question of animal consciousness, mainly through Michael Tye’s 2017 book “Tense Bees and Shell-Shocked Crabs”. | | | Preliminary reference list: Tye, Michael (2016). Tense Bees and Shell-Shocked Crabs: Are Animals Conscious? Oxford University Press

030003 History and Philosophy of Science, II (Baedke)
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This course belongs to the lecture “History and Philosophy of Science, I”; further information on the subjects are given there. It extends and deepens special topics of Part I by discussing philosophical and historical sources. Therefore, attending makes only sense when you also visit Part I. The course is obligatory for students of the master program HPS+Logic, but can also be taken by interested advanced B.A. and M.A. students from philosophy, the natural sciences and other subjects. The language will be English (unless all participants are German-speaking). Literature and modalities concerning credits will be discussed in the first session.

030091 Philosophy of Film (Liefke)
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This course introduces current topics in the philosophy of communication and mind through the lens of (the philosophy of) film. Following an introduction to pictorial representation and its properties, we will explore different ways of influencing representation in film. This influence is exerted, e.g., through storytelling (the particular choice of narrator/protagonist, their reliability, and the temporal order of narration), through the position and angle of the camera (as well as the location of cuts between scenes), and through the inclinations and inhibitions of the audience (e.g. in cases of imaginative resistance, where the viewer fails to take a filmic representation at face value). The bulk of the course will be concerned with discussing these influences. All discussions will be supported by film clips (e.g. from Fight Club (1999), Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998)). Since some relevant topics stem from the philosophy of fiction and video games, the course will take detours into these areas.

030103 Epistemology of Inquiry (Seselja)
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How should we inquire to achieve epistemic goals? This question is situated at the intersection of the epistemology of inquiry, social epistemology and philosophy of science. On the one hand, the recent “zetetic” turn in epistemology kick-started a series of papers examining the relationship between epistemic norms, which guide rational belief formation, and zetetic norms, which guide rational inquiry. On the other hand, norms of inquiry have long been discussed in philosophy of science within the theme of pursuit-worthiness of scientific theories (what makes theories worthy of pursuit?), and in social epistemology within the theme of social organization of science and the division of cognitive labor. In this seminar we will discuss central papers from each of these domains, aiming to identify links between them, issues under dispute and open research questions. The seminar aims to connect traditional discussions in philosophy of science and social epistemology with the frontier of research in zetetic epistemology.

030084 Neurodiversity in Language and Communication (Liefke)
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Much classical work in philosophy of language uses an idealized model of communication (due to Grice, 1957) in which agents are fully cooperative, attentive, well-informed, verbally skilled, socially adept, cognitively flexible, and pragmatically competent. It is easy to see that this model grossly overestimates agents’ resources and abilities. This holds especially for communicative agents on the autism spectrum, who are often attributed “difficulties in understanding . . . irony and jokes, in adjusting their contribution . . . to conversational expectations, . . . to construct a coherent narrative discourse, and to detect and avoid faux-pas” (Kissine, 2012, p.1). This seminar investigates the possible sources of the communicative particularities of different neurodiverse populations (esp. individuals with ASD and AD(H)D) by studying state-of-the-art research at the interface of philosophy, psychology, and linguistics. Thus, the seminar aims to remove some Gricean idealizations and arrive at a more adequate model of communication that accommodates diverse verbal, behavioral, and cognitive profiles. Note: This seminar is associated with the RUB student initiative project Campus Neurodivers 1). Prerequisites: None. 1) https://initiativprojekte.blogs.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/Startseite/aktuelle-projekte/

030124 Research Colloquium “Logic and Epistemology” (Kürbis, Skurt)
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In this colloquium students will have an opportunity to present a paper on a topic of their choice from philosophical logic or epistemology. This paper may or may not be related to an MA thesis. Background knowledge in analytic epistemology and philosophical logic is required. In addition to presentations by students, there will be talks by guest and invited speakers.

030089 Decision Theory: A Philosophical Introduction (Wang)
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This course introduces selected topics in decision theory , which has been developed to model normative and descriptive aspects of rational decision-making across various disciplines. Philosophers, in particular, have focused on the foundational issues of decision theory, and the application of its toolbox to solving philosophical problems. In this introductory course, we will explore formal explications and philosophical interpretations of some standard models for rational decisions made under certainty and uncertainty. Topics include rational preference and choice, as well as the von Neumann-Morgenstern and Savage models, along with their representation theorems. A basic knowledge of first-order logic is assumed. Familiarity with probability calculus and set-theoretic reasoning is beneficial but not mandatory.

030109 Philosophy and Argumentation (Horvath)
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It is almost a commonplace that rational argumentation - that is, the giving and demanding of reasons - is the central method of philosophy par excellence, and that most philosophers like nothing better than to argue endlessly and tirelessly with one another. All the more surprising, then, is the fact that in contemporary metaphilosophy many methods have received significantly more attention, even though they are far less central. Examples include the role of intuitions in philosophy, thought experiments or - more recently - the use of experimental methods in philosophy. It therefore seems timely to refocus on the role of argumentation as the central philosophical method. In this seminar, we will discuss metaphilosophical questions about the role of argumentation and disagreement in philosophy, as well as examine foundational approaches to argumentation theory and their relevance for philosophy. Basic knowledge of elementary logic and argumentation theory is helpful for the seminar but not required. Reading and discussing English texts, on the other hand, should not be a problem.

030088 Social Epistemology: The Epistemology of Expert Judgements (Brössel and Grundmann)
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This online research seminar is conducted with Prof. Thomas Grundmann from the University of Cologne. Active participation is a prerequisite for the successful completion of the seminar. Modern societies benefit significantly from a certain kind of specialist: well-trained cognitive experts who can draw on extensive societal resources for their research. These cognitive experts produce high-quality and often even in-depth knowledge in their fields, enabling technological and economic progress and serving as a reliable basis for political decision-making. Unfortunately, the more competent, specialized, sophisticated, and thus more successful cognitive experts are doing their job, the greater their cognitive distance from the folk will become and the harder it will be for laypeople to identify experts, to decide whom among disagreeing experts they should trust, to demarcate genuine experts from fake experts, or to hold on to their general trust in experts. This leads to philosophical questions such as the following ones: How should laypeople be able to tell who qualifies as an expert if they know very little, if not nothing, about the relevant field? How can they rationally decide who is more trustworthy when two experts disagree? How can the folk distinguish between true experts and incompetent people who do their best to appear as true experts by establishing their network of citations, alternative platforms, or even fake journals? And how can laypeople avoid general distrust in elites who are not even intelligible to them? In preparation for each seminar session, we will read texts (these texts will be work-in-progress manuscripts) by world-leading philosophers that (try to) answer some of the above questions. In the seminar sessions, we meet online with the authors of each text to discuss critically and help to improve their work. Thus, students not only have the chance to discuss with leading social epistemologists but also have the opportunity to learn how philosophical articles are written and improved upon criticism.

030124 Research Colloquium “Logic and Epistemology” (Kürbis, Skurt)
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In this colloquium students will have an opportunity to present a paper on a topic of their choice from philosophical logic or epistemology. This paper may or may not be related to an MA thesis. Background knowledge in analytic epistemology and philosophical logic is required. In addition to presentations by students, there will be talks by guest and invited speakers.

030122 Colloquium Philosophy of Information and Communication (Liefke)
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This colloquium (co-organized with Prof. Daniel Gutzmann, Germanistik) serves the discussion of current topics in semantics, pragmatics, and the philosophy of language. The colloquium combines talks by international experts with presentations of local researchers and (PhD/MA) students. Students will be given the opportunity to present their (ongoing) work in English. A detailed schedule will be available by mid-September at https://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/phil-inf/colloquium/index.html.en.

030131 Colloquium “Philosophy Meets Cognitive Science: Memory and Language” (Werning)
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In the research colloquium current topics at the interface between Philosophy and Cognitive Science will be discussed. The colloquium hosts talks by leading international experts and local researchers as well as presentations by doctoral and master students. Students will be given the (assisted) opportunity to present their projects in English. This semester the sessions of the research colloquium will alternate in a bi-weekly rhythm between the topics “Memory” and “Language”. A detailed schedule will be published in due course at https://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/phil-lang/colloquium.html. Talks will be held either online via Zoom or in person.

030007 Social Epistemology of Science (Seselja)
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This course provides a systematic introduction to social epistemology of science, which studies the interplay between social dynamics (within science and at the interface of science and society) and scientific inquiry. Through interactive lectures, you will learn about the central problems in this field and explore philosophical discussions situated at the intersection of philosophy of science and social epistemology. The themes covered in the course range from the relationship between science and society and the role of values in scientific inquiry to the social organization of science, responsibilities of scientists and issues pertaining to expert disagreements. In preparation for each class, your task is to read (parts of) scholarly papers and to complete a short assignment (which will be provided via Moodle).

030121 Research Colloquium “Logic and Epistemology” (Kürbis, Skurt)
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In this colloquium students will have an opportunity to present a paper on a topic of their choice from philosophical logic or epistemology. This paper may or may not be related to an MA thesis. Background knowledge in analytic epistemology and philosophical logic is required. In addition to presentations by students, there will be talks by guests and invited speakers.

0000000 Emergence (Baston)
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Emil-Figge-Straße 50, 2.410 In this seminar, we will explore the concept of emergence—an important topic in metaphysics and the philosophy of mind, engaging philosophers and scientists alike. Emergence describes phenomena that arise from the interaction of simpler elements but are not reducible to them. A frequently discussed example is consciousness: How can something as complex as consciousness emerge from mere neuronal activity? If consciousness is emergent, then complete knowledge of neurons will not suffice to reduce the phenomenon of consciousness to the activity of those neurons alone. Consequently, consciousness would represent a completely new property or phenomenon. Together, we will develop the basics of emergence theory and examine various scientific and philosophical approaches that utilize or seek to better understand the concept of emergence. We will not only engage with abstract theories but also with real-world applications and current debates. Towards the end of the seminar, we will investigate whether complex human behaviors—such as suicidal behavior—can be understood as emergent phenomena. This discussion will be enriched by current psychological research addressing this question, offering insights at the intersections of philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience. This seminar is designed for anyone interested in the intersections of philosophy and natural science as well as metaphysics, and who wishes to gain a deeper understanding of complex phenomena in the world. Literature Bedau, M. A., & Humphreys, P. (Eds.). (2008). Emergence: Contemporary Readings in Philosophy and Science (Annotated Edition). MIT Press. Gibb, S., Hendry, R. F., & Lancaster, T. (2021). The Routledge Handbook of Emergence. Routledge. Beckermann, A. (2008). Analytische Einführung in die Philosophie des Geistes (3rd ed.). de Gruyter. Heil, J. (2019). Philosophy of Mind: A Contemporary Introduction (4th edition). Taylor & Francis Ltd.

030121 Research Colloquium “Logic and Epistemology” (Kürbis/Skurt)
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In this colloquium students will have an opportunity to present a paper on a topic of their choice from philosophical logic or epistemology. This paper may or may not be related to an MA thesis. Background knowledge in analytic epistemology and philosophical logic is required. In addition to presentations by students, there will be talks by guests and invited speakers. CP can be earned by giving an oral presentation.